What are intranets & extranets?

An intranet is a private network, operated by a large company or other organisation, which uses internet technologies, but is insulated from the global internet.

An extranet is an intranet that is accessible to some people from outside the company, or possibly shared by more than one organisation.

For decades, many organisations have used in-house networks to connect their computers and make applications available to their staff. These networks were often expensive and could be hard to use. When the internet became popular, its networking software became widely available and, usually, free. It therefore made sense for organisations to adopt the same software for internal use.
What Intranets do?

Intranets typically start by publishing web pages about company events, health and safety policies, and staff newsletters. Popular applications follow, such as forms to reclaim expenses or request holidays. All these help eliminate paperwork and speed up workflows.

As more features are added, an intranet can become essential to the operation of an organisation. It becomes a portal that provides access to all the things workers need.

The intranet is protected from the global internet by firewalls and by the need to log on with a secure password. Staff working outside the organisation may be able to access the intranet by using a VPN (virtual private network). This means all communications between the intranet and the user’s personal computer are encrypted.

What Extranets do?                                           

Extranets take this process a step further, by providing access to people who work for different organizations. For example, a company could provide access to a supplier for online ordering, order tracking and inventory management. Instead of sending information to suppliers, it lets them fetch it on a self-service basis. Another example would be a hospital providing local GPs with access to a booking system so they can make appointments for their patients.

An extranet should be more efficient because everyone has access to the same data in the same format. Because all extranet communications can be encrypted over a VPN, it should also be more secure than sending data over the public internet.

Effects of Internet on Our Daily Lives

The maximum effect of the internet is actually on the daily life of the individuals because indeed there is no aspect of life which is not influenced by the internet and its uses.

Life has become drastically smooth and easy over the internet, while in the previous years seeking for a job required several visits to the offices and companies and interviews, these days all what is required is you detail resume emailed to the company's analysis division which assures you of any possibilities for getting the job instead of waiting and getting rejected in the end.

Even in the minor daily life activities like traveling and planning is also related to the internet in some way or the other. Internet can now be used to inquire about the flight timings and delays which make it easier to plan for the departure time.

Any piece of information regarding anything at all in our daily lives, may it be a cosmetic technique for the ladies or the men health problems, the cooking recipes for trying the new dishes or the home decoration tips, the information on the latest appliance or product you are going to buy or the search for the new house, it is all there ready for you on the internet.

The most interesting aspect of the internet influencing our daily lives is the factor of entertainment. Entertainment no longer demands your money or expense, today you can just log on the internet in your free time and get involved talking to people of similar interests, or watch movies or play games, its all there in the internet.

Because of the so many opportunities on the internet it is also said to have become an addiction for some people, which makes them more lazy and inconsistent in much more important works in life.

What is Internet?

iThe internet in simple terms is a network of the interlinked computer networking worldwide, which is accessible to the general public. These interconnected computers work by transmitting data through a special type of packet switching which is known as the IP or the internet protocol.

Internet is such a huge network of several different interlinked networks relating to the business, government, academic, and even smaller domestic networks, therefore internet is known as the network of all the other networks. These networks enable the internet to be used for various important functions which include the several means of communications like the file transfer, the online chat and even the sharing of the documents and web sites on the WWW, or the World Wide Web.

It is always mistaken said that the internet and the World Wide Web are both the same terms, or are synonymous. Actually there is a very significant difference between the two which has to be clear to understand both the terms. The internet and World Wide Web are both the networks yet; the internet is the network of the several different computers which are connected through the linkage of the accessories like the copper wires, the fiber optics and even the latest wireless connections. However, the World Wide Web consists of the interlinked collection of the information and documents which are taken as the resource by the general public. These are then linked by the website URLs and the hyperlinks. Therefore World Wide Web is one of the services offered by the whole complicated and huge network of the internet.

The use of IP in the Internet is the integral part of the network, as they provide the services of the internet, through different layers organization through the IP data packets. There are other protocols that are the sub-classes of the IP itself, like the TCP, and the HTTP.

What is ISP?

In simple words an Internet service provider (ISP), is a company that offers its customers access to the world of  Internet. The ISP connects to its customers to the internet or WWW WORLD WIDE WEB  using Various data transmission technology such as dial-up, DSL, cable modem, wireless or dedicated high-speed interconnects. Whenever we need an internet connection we need an ISP .ISPs may provide services such as

·                     Internet e-mail accounts to users

·                     remotely storing data Files etc

Dial-up - Dial-up Internet access is a Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a dialed connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) with the help of  telephone lines. The computer or router of the internet user uses an attached modem to encode and decode Internet Protocol packets and control the information which is coming in and going out from the system.

DSL- DSL Digital Subscriber Line is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires of a local telephone network.

Cable Modem- A cable modem is a type of Network Bridge and modem that provides bi-directional data communication with the help of radio frequency channels on a HFC and RFoG infrastructure. Cable modems are primarily used to deliver broadband Internet access in the form of cable Internet. They are mostly used in following countries  in Australia, Europe, and America.

Wireless-Wireless communication is the transfer of information without the use of wires.The distance can be few meters as in television remote control or long as much as thousands or millions of kilometers for radio communications.Other stuffs  which use wireless technology include GPS(Global Positioning System),wireless mouse keybord headphone etc.

How to choose your ISP?

Many  ISP provides  services which is unique to each particular ISP. First step is to choose what type of service you want, then you can check Google for various reviews about the particular ISP whom service you want to use, Then you can do deals for  your ISP  according to your need and which best fit to you...

 .

The Bus

The CPU has to be able to send various data values, instructions, and information to all the devices and components inside your computer as well as the different peripherals and devices attached. If you look at the bottom of a motherboard you'll see a whole network of lines or electronic pathways that join the different components together. These electronic pathways are nothing more than tiny wires that carry information, data and different signals throughout the computer between the different components. This network of wires or electronic pathways is called the 'Bus'.

That's not that difficult to comprehend, but you've probably heard mention of the internal bus, the external bus, expansion bus, data bus, memory bus, PCI bus, ISA bus, address bus, control bus,… it really can get quite confusing.

A computer's bus can be divided into two different types, Internal and External.

The Internal Bus connects the different components inside the case: The CPU, system memory, and all other components on the motherboard. It's also referred to as the System Bus.

The External Bus connects the different external devices, peripherals, expansion slots, I/O ports and drive connections to the rest of the computer. In other words, the External Bus allows various devices to be added to the computer. It allows for the expansion of the computer's capabilities. It is generally slower than the system bus. Another name for the External Bus, is the Expansion Bus.

So now we know the bus is just a bunch of tiny wires (traces and electronic pathways). One bunch carries info around to the different components on the motherboard, and another bunch of wires connects these components to the various devices attached to the computer.

What kind of stuff travels on the bus? For one thing, data. Data has to be exchanged between devices. Some of the electronic pathways or wires of the Internal Bus or the External Bus are dedicated to moving data. These dedicated pathways are called the Data Bus.

Data is stored, manipulated and processed in system memory. System memory is like a vast sea of information full of fish (data). Your computer has to move information in and out of memory, and it has to keep track of which data is stored where. The computer knows where all the fishes are, but it has to transmit that information to the CPU and other devices. It has to keep a map of the different address locations in memory, and it has to be able to transmit and describe those memory locations to the other components so that they can access the data stored there. The info used to describe the memory locations travels along the address bus. The size, or width of the address bus directly corresponds to the number of address locations that can be accessed. This simply means that the more memory address locations that a processor can address, the more RAM it has the capability of using. It makes sense, right?

A 286 with a 16 bit address bus can access over 16 million locations, or 16 Mb of RAM. A 386 CPU with a 32 bit address bus can access up to 4 GB of RAM. Of course, at the present time, due to space and cost limitations associated with the average home computer, 4GB of RAM is not practical. But, the address bus could handle it if it wanted to! Another name for the address bus is the memory bus.

Top Picks:Travel Gadgets

Going somewhere this holiday? If you are hitting the beach or hiking up mountains, it is best to pack light and bring only the essentials. Siti Syameen Md Khalili suggests 10 packable and portable gadgets and gizmos that will not weigh you down

Amazon Kindle Fire (WiFi)

1 / 10

Amazon Kindle Fire (WiFi)
1 While waiting for the bus or flight, Amazon’s latest e-reader with 7-inch in-plane switching display, can give you books, music, games, apps and more of Internet browsing to kill time. Available at www.youbeli.com.my for RM849.

Samsung Galaxy Note
2 This 5.3-inch device comes with Super AMOLED screen features Android 2.3 Gingerbread OS, 1.4GHz Dual Core Processor, 8-megapixel camera and a slew of features for surfing, working and multimedia handling. Its A-GPS feature will also keep you from getting lost in your holiday destination. Priced at RM2,299, details at www.samsung.com.my.

XTG Solar Charger
3 Running out of juice in the middle of a tour? This mobile charger can help, as its 1500 mAH Li-poly battery can charge phones, personal players and other portable devices via USB connectivity. In dark, switch on its twistable built-in LED flashlight. Priced at US$27.99 (RM89.20) at www.amazon.com.

Sony Alpha NEX-5ND/W
4 This compact system camera is equipped with 16.1-megapixel Exmor APS HD CMOS sensor combined with SEL1855 or SEL16F28 Lens (white) deliver great shots and AVCHD Full HD movie recording. The two-lens package is priced at RM2,999. Details at store.sony.com.my.

EGO Waterproof Sound Case for iPod
5 Works with most iPod models, this waterproof, shockproof and floating device lets you have a bit of music while you’re lounging at the pool or bob around in the calm waters. You can even enjoy music while taking a shower. Priced at RM645 at www.moresales.com.my.

Garmin Nuvi 2575R
6 Preloaded with Singapore and Malaysia maps, this GPS personal navigation device also packs in an analogue television. Priced at RM1,110, this product is available at www.mygpstalk.com.

SunPlug Hiker’s Backpack
7 With padded shoulder strap, back cushion and waist belt for proper lifting, this backpack is your portable solar cell panel with battery box and adapters for charging your devices. Available at www.amazon.com for US$99.99.

Suunto Lumi Wrist-Top Computer Watch
8 Altimeter, barometer, compass, weather indicator, and it is a watch too. This stylish wrist companion is perfect for outdoor activities. Priced at US$349 at www.amazon.com.

Seagate GoFlex Satellite
9 If you plan to do work on-the-go along the way or simply need your collection of music or movies with you, the 500GB GoFlex Satellite external hard disk drive can help you access and stream your files by connecting with your WiFi capable tablet or smartphone. The drive comes with internal battery so you need not have to plug it into a computer or power outlet to use it.

Panasonic Portable
Blu-ray DMP-B200 player

10 Offering 8.9-inch SVGA screen, this portable HDMI-ready Blu-ray player, fits in your luggage as well as your car (DC adapter included). Also accepts SD, SDHC and SDXC memory card, this RM1,499 model is available via direct.panasonic.com.my

Facebook faces lawsuit over facial-recognition feature

Facebook is facing legal action in Germany over its controversial facial-recognition feature.

The state data protection authority in Hamburg is preparing to sue the social-networking giant over the feature, which automatically recognizes and tags photos in Facebook users' networks, according to a report in Deutsche Welle.

"This requires storing a comprehensive database of the biometric features of all users," the organization reportedly wrote in a German-language statement published on its Web site. "Facebook has introduced this feature in Europe, without informing the user and without obtaining the required consent. Unequivocal consent of the parties is required by both European and national data protection law."

The organization said it has had conversations with Facebook in which the company promised it would inform users of the feature, adding that "further negotiations are pointless."

"The Tag Suggestions feature on Facebook is fully compliant with EU data protection laws," Facebook representative Andrew Noyes said in a statement. "On top of that, we have given comprehensive notice and education to our users about Tag Suggestions and we provide very simple tools for people to opt out if they do not want to use this feature. We have considered carefully different options for making people even more aware of our privacy policies and are disappointed that the Hamburg DPA has not accepted these."

The feature was quietly rolled out in June and immediately attracted the regulatory attention of the European Union, which announced it would study the feature for possible rule violations. Authorities in the U.K. and Ireland have also said they are reviewing the photo-tagging feature.

U.S. lawmakers criticized the company for making the requiring users to opt out of the feature rather than opt in. "Requiring users to disable this feature after they've already been included by Facebook is no substitute for an opt-in process," Rep. Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.), co-chairman of the Congressional Privacy Caucus, said in a statement in June.

Even though Facebook allows users who don't want to be identified by the feature to disable it, the company conceded at the time that it could have done a better job explaining how the feature works.

"We should have been clearer with people during the roll-out process when this became available to them," the company said in a statement in June.

Google Music launching without Sony and Warner

Universal Music Group will be well represented at a press event Google has scheduled for Wednesday, but conspicuously missing will be two of the other top-four record companies.

The invite Google sent out today.

(Credit: Google)

Google sent invitations today for a press event, to be held in Los Angeles, where the company is expected to add downloads to its cloud music service, as well as unveil social-networking features.

CNET has learned that Google has signed a licensing agreement for the new service with Universal Music Group but does not have deals in place with Sony Music Entertainment or Warner Music Group, according to multiple industry sources. It is unclear whether EMI would participate. Talks between Sony, Warner and Google continue, the sources said.

The negotiations between Google and the labels by and large haven't gone well for either side. The labels are eager for a serious iTunes competitor to emerge and believe Google has the technological know-how, money, and Internet presence to give iTunes a run for its money.

On the other hand, Google wants to offer first-class music and movie services to users ofAndroid, the company's powerhouse mobile operating system.

Google has a tense relationship with some of the record companies. In general, the search company's past dealings with media companies has at times been acrimonious. Most notably was Viacom's accusations in a $1 billion copyright suit it filed against Google that the company encouraged YouTube users to post pirated clips to the site.

For the past two years, Google has attempted to improve relations with content creators. Managers boosted antipiracy efforts and helped Vevo, the Internet music-video service, get off the ground.

Despite that, Google is once again launching a major part of its music service without acquiring licenses and this may serve to widen the rift between the company and some of the labels.

Google launched the test version of its cloud music service earlier this year without licenses.

The labels argue that for Google to challenge Apple and offer a feature-rich service, the search company needs music from all the top record companies as well as all the licenses. Google apparently sees it differently and next Wednesday we will learn more about how Google plans to compete without songs from some of the the top labels.

What could also aggravate record-company execs is a disagreement over a request by the labels' trade group to remove a popular but controversial music app from the Android Market.

The Recording Music Industry Association of America has alleged, according to PCMag.com,that MP3 Download Pro enables users to download music to their mobile phones and is being used for piracy.

Google launches guide to using Google+ Pages..

 Companies looking to socialize through a Google+ Page may want to check out an online guide that explains how to take advantage of Google's new business feature.

Rolled out on Monday, Google+ Pages finally bring the social network to the business world, allowing companies of all sizes to post updates about themselves and their products or services. People who follow a Google+ Page can comment on or share the company's posts, creating running conversation threads. Businesses can also set up hangouts where they can chat directly with potential customers.

To help companies get started, Google has created its online guide to show them how to create a page, promote it, and measure its effectiveness.

Google first takes you to a spot where you can create your page by filling in all the necessary details. Once the page is up and running, the first trick is to get some buzz going. So Google advises businesses to start sharing items of interest--updates on your products, the latest news on your company, photos, videos, and anything else that might draw some attention.

If people start commenting on your posts, the next step is to ramp up some conversations. Respond to their questions and comments, and even ask them questions. Setting up a hangout is also a way to engage people directly since it lets you chat with customers and colleagues via video. Finally, businesses will want to manage their circles of users so that they're sending the right message to the right people.

Promotion is next on the to-do list, according to Google. Companies will want to connect their own Web site with their Google+ page using a Google+ badge to tie both of them together. Using the +1 button on your Web site is also keys to promoting yourself. And just getting off the ground, a feature called Google+ Direct Connect lets people find your business through a Google search by entering the + symbol in front of your page name.

Finally, companies will want to track how well their page is doing to see if any tweaks are needed. Google advises them to use Google+ search to look for keywords about their product or service. Businesses can also use Google Analytics to measure the popularity of their page. Google is promising additional features to help companies determine the effectiveness of their pages.

Another piece of advice not mentioned by Google is to check out pages created by other companies to learn what they're doing right or doing wrong. Google has naturally set up pages for its own products, but a variety of other businesses have followed suit, including CNET.

Originally posted at Digital Media

Masalah Windows XP??

SAYA menggunakan komputer Windows XP. Masalahnya ialah saya tidak boleh masuk ke dalam Windows XP tersebut. Bagaimanakah cara untuk saya capai Windows XP tersebut?

-Bala, Bahau.

TERIMA kasih. Perkara pertama sekali yang perlu dilakukan adalah memastikan kesemua komponen perkakasan komputer seperti kabel, pembekal kuasa, monitor dan sebagainya dapat berfungsi dengan baik.Sekiranya ada yang bermasalah, perlu dibuat pembaikan atau diganti dengan yang baru. Sekiranya kesemua komponen perkakasannya berada dalam keadaan baik, terdapat beberapa cara untuk masuk dan capai kepada perisian Windows XP ini. Kaedah-kaedah ini berupaya untuk mencapai kembali perisian Windows XP bergantung kepada jenis dan tahap masalah yang dihadapi. Ia boleh dilakukan dengan cara-cara yang akan dibincangkan seterusnya.

Ø  Penggunaan program Windows Startup Disk.

Program Windows Startup Disk ini perlu disediakan terlebih dahulu. Ia boleh disediakan dengan melakukan format terhadap cakera liut atau floopy disk dalam Windows. Seterusnya, klik pada fungsi format itu dengan pilihan Create an MS-DOS startup disk. Sekiranya komputer Windows XP bermasalah, boot komputer dengan cakera liut yang mengandungi program Windows Startup Disk tersebut. Perlu dipastikan tiga fail ini disalin ke dalam dalam cakera liut tersebut iaitu boot.ini, ntldr dan ntdetect.com.

Program but ini juga boleh dilakukan dengan menggunakan CD atau pemacu storan USB tetapi cara penyediaannya adalah berlainan. lPenggunaan fungsi Last Known Good Configuration yang ada dalam Windows.

Ø  Komputer Windows XP yang bermasalah juga boleh dibut dengan fungsi ini.

Fungsi Last Known Good Configuration ini membolehkan pengembalian semula konfigurasi asal sesebuah komputer setelah konfigurasi asal yang diubah atau bermasalah.

Masalah konfigurasi perkakasan dan perisian pemacunya dalam komputer ini akan menyebabkan masalah pada parameter CurrentControlSet dalam fail Registry pada Windows.

Ø  Penggunaan program System Restore.

Penggunaan System Restore ini akan mengembalikan semula konfigurasi asal sekiranya berlaku masalah dalam sistem pengoperasian Windows XP.

Namun begitu, ia perlu dijana terlebih dahulu dengan membina Restore Point yang terdapat di dalam programnya. Sekiranya sistem Windows XP bermasalah, System Restore ini boleh dicapai menerusi Windows XP dengan mod Safe Mode. Seterusnya kembalikan konfigurasi asal daripada Restore Point yang telah dibina.

Ø  Penggunaan Recovery Console.

Program Recovery Console ini disertakan bersama dalam CD pemasangan Windows XP yang boleh dibut secara terus daripada komputer. Jadi, but CD tersebut daripada komputer yang Windows XP-nya bermasalah dan pilih untuk lancarkan program ini dengan menekan butang R. Seterusnya, ia akan paparkan menu pilihan yang bernombor berserta dengan sistem pengoperasian Windows yang ada. Pilih nombor tersebut dan ikut arahan yang seterusnya.

Ø  Memperbetulkan fail Boot.ini yang bermasalah.

Ketika but komputer, fail boot.ini ini akan dirujuk untuk mengetahui lokasi sistem pengoperasian Windows yang disimpan. Sekiranya telah dipastikan masalah but ini disebabkan oleh fail boot.ini, maka, boleh digunakan program Recovery Console ini untuk menyelesaikannya. Pada langkah terakhir dalam mencapai Recovery Console, sila taip perkataan Bootcfg /parameter.

Parameter adalah pilihan bagi fungsi Bootcfg ini seperti /add, /scan, /list, /default, /rebuild, /redirect dan /disableredirect.

Ø  Memperbetulkan masalah pada bahagian sektor but (boot sector partition).

Bahagian sektor but merupakan satu kawasan kecil yang terdapat dalam bahagian cakera keras yang mengandungi maklumat berkenaan fail sistem bagi sistem pengoperasian seperti NTFS atau Fat32. Sekiranya telah dipastikan masalah boot Windows XP ini berpunca daripada masalah ini, boleh digunakan fungsi Fixboot daripada program program Recovery Console. Pada baris arahan dalam Recovery Console ditaip perkataan fixboot diikut dengan pemacu seperti C: atau D:.

Ø  Memperbetulkan masalah pada master boot record.

Master boot record merupakan merupakan sektor pertama dalam cakera keras yang bertanggung jawab mengenal pasti prosedur untuk but bagi Windows. Master boot record mengandungi jadual bahagian cakera keras dan program kecil, master boot code yang berfungsi untuk masukan bahagian cakera yang aktif atau sedia but ke dalam jadual bahagian cakera. Sekiranya telah dipastikan masalah but Windows XP berpunca daripada masalah ini, boleh digunakan fungsi Fixmbr daripada program program Recovery Console. Pada baris arahan dalam Recovery Console ditaip perkataan fixmbr diikut dengan nama dan laluan peralatan seperti \Devices\HardDisk2.

Ø  Nyahkan fungsi automatic restart pada Windows.

Apabila Windows XP menghadapi masalah yang kritikal, konfigurasi secara lalai untuk menghadapi masalah ini ialah ia akan secara automatik akan but semula sistem komputer. Sekiranya ketika but semula ia bermasalah, sistem komputer akan dibut semula berulang kali. Jadi, ketika ia but semula, tekan F8 untuk masuk ke pilihan Windows Advanced Options Menu. Seterusnya, pilih Disable The Automatic Restart On System Failure dan tekan Enter.

Ø  Kembalikan semula daripada sistem salinan pendua atau back up.

Sekiranya masalah boot Windows XP ini tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan kaedah baik pulih yang telah dibincangkan dan mempunyai salinan penduanya, maka kembalikan semula fail sistem tersebut daripada media yang mengandungi salinan penduanya. Kaedahnya bergantung jenis media yang diguna pakai.

Ø  Laksanakan kaedah in-place upgrade.

Sekiranya masalah but Windows XP ini tidak dapat diselesaikan dengan kaedah baik pulih dan tiada salinan penduanya, maka boleh digunakan kaedah in-place upgrade ini. Caranya dengan boot mengunakan CD pemasangan Windows XP dan buat pemasangan Windows XP. Seterusnya, untuk melaksanakan in-place upgrade ini, buat pemasangan Windows XP pada komputer dengan menekan butang R. Sekiranya setelah selesai pemasangan Windows XP dengan cara ini, pastikan segala kemas kini dipasang semula ke dalam Windows XP tersebut.

News!!

ARKIB : 07/11/2011

Kata laluan Mozilla Firefox

BOLEHKAH saya meletakkan kata laluan dalam program Mozilla Firefox di komputer? Bagaimana caranya?
- Awang, Kuching.
SECARA umumnya kebanyakan pelayar web seperti Mozilla Firefox tidak mempunyai fungsi yang membolehkan kata laluan dikonfigurasikan untuk penggunaannya. Namun begitu terdapat cara yang boleh digunakan untuk membolehkan sesebuah pelayar web itu mempunyai kata laluan.
Kebanyakan pengguna memerlukan kata laluan tersebut untuk mengawal penggunaan pelayar web dalam melayari Internet. Ia juga digunakan untuk menjaga kerahsiaan privacydalam penggunaan sesebuah program pelayar web tersebut. Dengan adanya kata laluan penggunaannya terkawal dan rahsia.
Bagi membolehkan sesebuah pelayar web mempunyai fungsi kata laluan, ia memerlukan pemasangan program komputer tertentu kepada pelayar web tersebut yang di kenali sebagai add on program. Di sini akan saya bincangkan beberapa pelayar web utama yang popular digunakan.
Bagi pelayar web Mozilla Firefox, boleh dipasang kepadanya program tambahan Master Password+. Ia boleh dimuat turun di alamat URL, https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/master-password/.
Bagi pelayar web Google Chrome pula, boleh dipasang kepadanya program tambahan Simple Startup Password.
Ia boleh dimuat turun di alamat URL, https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/ojoalkffommhmdmbohjphohoejjmgepc.
Mungkin ada program tambahan lain yang boleh digunakan untuk fungsi kata laluan seperti Internet Lock dan lain-lain. Cara yang sama juga bagi program-program pelayar web yang lain.
Bagi pelayar web Internet Explorer pula, ia boleh dikonfigurasikan dengan kata laluan dengan pergi ke Tools > Internet Option > Content > Content Advisor > General. Seterusnya pergi ke ruangan Supervisor Password dan klik butang create. Seterusnya masukan kata laluan yang dikehendaki dan klik OK.
Sekiranya sesebuah komputer digunakan dalam persekitaran rangkaian dan Windows, boleh digunakan program untuk polisi komputer seperti Group Policy untuk mengawal penggunaan sesebuah pelayar web dengan menggunakan kata laluan.
Sumber: www.utusan.com.

Database Structure

Hierarchical Database

A kind of database management system that linksrecords together like a family tree such that each record type hasonly one owner, e.g. an order is owned by only one customer.Hierarchical structures were widely used in the first mainframe database management systems. However, due to theirrestrictions, they often cannot be used to relate structures thatexist in the real world.

Network Database

The Network Database Model was created for three main purposes. These purposes include representing a complex data relationship more effectively, improving database performance, and imposing a database standard. The network model highly resembles the hierarchal model. Another characteristic is the network database model is composed of at least two record types including an owner, which is a record type equivalent to the parent type in the hierarchal database model, and the member record type which resembles the child type in the hierarchal model. The schema, subschema, and data management language are a few of the key components that make this database model unique. The schema used for this model is conceptual organization of the entire database as the database administrator intends.

Relational Database

A relational database is a collection of data items organized as a set of formally-describedtables from which data can be accessed or reassembled in many different ways without having to reorganize the database tables. The relational database was invented by E. F. Codd at IBM in 1970.

The standard user and application program interface to a relational database is the structured query language (SQL). SQL statements are used both for interactive queries for information from a relational database and for gathering data for reports.

In addition to being relatively easy to create and access, a relational database has the important advantage of being easy to extend. After the original database creation, a new data category can be added without requiring that all existing applications be modified.

A relational database is a set of tables containing data fitted into predefined categories. Each table (which is sometimes called a relation) contains one or more data categories in columns. Each row contains a unique instance of data for the categories defined by the columns. For example, a typical business order entry database would include a table that described a customer with columns for name, address, phone number, and so forth. Another table would describe an order: product, customer, date, sales price, and so forth. A user of the database could obtain a view of the database that fitted the user's needs. For example, a branch office manager might like a view or report on all customers that had bought products after a certain date. A financial services manager in the same company could, from the same tables, obtain a report on accounts that needed to be paid.

Object-Oriented Database

An object-oriented database management system (OODBMS), sometimes shortened toODBMS for object database management system), is a database management system (DBMS) that supports the modelling and creation of data as objects. This includes some kind of support for classes of objects and the inheritance of class properties and methods by subclasses and their objects. There is currently no widely agreed-upon standard for what constitutes an OODBMS, and OODBMS products are considered to be still in their infancy. In the meantime, the object-relational database management system (ORDBMS), the idea that object-oriented database concepts can be superimposed on relational databases, is more commonly encountered in available products.

Multi-dimensional Database
A multidimensional database (MDB) is a type of database that is optimized for data warehouse and online analytical processing (OLAP) applications. Multidimensional databases are frequently created using input from existing relational databases. Whereas a relational database is typically accessed using a Structured Query Language (SQL ) query, a multidimensional database allows a user to ask questions like "How many Aptivas have been sold in Nebraska so far this year?" and similar questions related to summarizing business operations and trends. An OLAP application that accesses data from a multidimensional database is known as a MOLAP (multidimensional OLAP) application.

A multidimensional database - or a multidimensional database management system (MDDBMS) - implies the ability to rapidly process the data in the database so that answers can be generated quickly. A number of vendors provide products that use multidimensional databases. Approaches to how data is stored and the user interface vary.